INTRODUCTION:

Nagaland receives an average annual rainfall of 70 and 100 inches (1,800 and 2,300mm) of rainfall during the pre-monsoon and monsoon. The primary source of water, as per the Nagaland Water Policy (2016) report, stated sources such as surface water in rivers, streams, ponds, and natural springs, and subsurface water occurring as groundwater¹. However, the state of Nagaland continues to face the problem of drinking water scarcity in most of the districts of Nagaland as documented in various sources^2-6 and even scored less than 40 points under the category of low-performing states in India on the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) performance⁷, which was for 2017-18 data.

As per the Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Nagaland, 2024 based on the GEC 2015 methodology report stated that the annual extractable groundwater resources of the state is 0.56 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) and present groundwater extraction is 0.03 BCM out of which 0.01 BCM extraction is on account of irrigation, 0 BCM is on account of industrial extraction and the annual domestic extraction is 0.02 BCM. The overall state groundwater extraction of the state is 4.72 percent ⁸. Comparatively, Nagaland state is one of the states with the lowest annual ground extraction rates in India though the state has a high potential for groundwater extraction and rainwater harvesting.

This study is a preliminary work conducted on three villages (Aoyimiti, Eralibill, and Unity) under the Dimapur and Chumoukedima Districts of Nagaland to examine the progress of Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) and assess the operation of JJM initiated by the Government of India in 2019 that seeks to ensure safe and adequate drinking water via individual household tap connections to all rural households by 2024. The key purpose of the study is to analyze the progress and implementation of household tap connections based on the following research objectives:

· To study the awareness of the Jal Jeevan Mission.

· To assess the progress of functional household tap connections (FHTC).

· To identify challenges faced in the implementation of the JJM scheme, including water source sustainability and community participation.

· To propose policy recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the JJM.

Even though the study has been focused on limited target areas, it enables the study to assess and evaluate how the JJM has been implemented and addresses issues that were not identified by any agencies in the selected target areas and populations. By identifying the implementation process and practices, the research can help the policymakers and other agencies for improvement in the implementation strategies. Furthermore, through the findings, the research study will be able to contribute to the need for effective water management policy mechanisms in similar socio-economic settings and support sustainable development objectives.

METHODOLOGY:

The study adopts a descriptive and quantitative exploratory approach through the integration of survey fieldwork, interviews, and qualitative methods to assess and explore the implementation of the JJM scheme in the chosen study area. The target areas chosen for the study were based on their relevance to the research topic and practical feasibility. The Aoyimti village (see figure 1) under Dimapur district was selected because of the village's active involvement in the implementation of JJM and its recognition by the Government. Aoyimti is a village located in Dimapur district in Nagaland. As per the Census India 2011, Aoyimti village has a population of 1839 of which 938 are males and 901 are females. The total number of households as per Census 2011 is 374⁹ Eralibill village (see figure 1) under Dimapur district and Unity village under Chumoukedima district were chosen as reference area-based studies due to their diverse tribe demographic structure of population and village council members composition as compared to Aoyimti village. Eralibill village has a population of 2132 of which 1088 are males while 1044 are females as per Population Census 2011. The total number of households as per Census 2011 is 360¹⁰ Unity village (see figure 2) is the third chosen area for the study, the village is under Chumoukedima district as per the Government house tax records the total number of households is 1077¹¹. Dimapur district is situated at 25° 54′ 45” N Latitude and 93° 44′ 30” E Longitude with an average elevation of 260m above sea level, and the average annual rainfall is 1504.7mm¹². It is characterized by a varied topography, encompassing both valley and hilly regions and the district is drained by several streams and rivers of Nagaland. Chumoukedima district was created in 2021 through a gazette notification on 20th Dec 2021. The district is located at 23’3 N Latitude 93’30’30 E Longitude and the annual rainfall is 1120 mm¹³. The district’s topography features moderate to steep slopes, with the Chathe River flowing through it.

Moreover, to ensure that every unit (individual and household) has an equal chance of being selected, the purposive random sampling technique was used to select the area based on the random generator number of villages under Dimapur and Chumoukedima district, Nagaland. Furthermore, a total of one hundred ten (110) respondents of the target population were selected based on a simple random sampling method, irrespective of whether the village citizens have FHTC in all three village areas. Additionally, members of the village council and WATSAN committee members were also selected as respondents by virtue of the village council office as the backbone for village governance in Nagaland and also as one of the implementing agencies of the JJM scheme.

A structured questionnaire was used to collect data as the primary source with both closed and open-ended questions consisting of ‘yes/no’, ‘multiple choice’, and Liker scale’ questionnaires to conduct face-to-face interviews with the selected one hundred and ten (110) household villagers in all three villages. Additionally, another set of structured questionnaires on socio-economic background and closed-ended questions was used to collect data and information from the representatives of three village council members.

The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation with SPSS to identify the progress and implementation of the JJM scheme in all three villages. Moreover, to ensure confidentiality, informed consent was obtained from the respondents before the start of face-to-face interviews.

RESULT:

Awareness of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):

To understand the level of JJM awareness of the respondents, the assessment was based on closed-ended questions of ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ and with additional prompt questions on the awareness to determine the respondent knowledge, sources of information, and depth of understanding about JJM (see Table 1, 2 and 3).

Table 1: Are you aware of the Jal Jeevan mission scheme introduced by Govt. of India?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	yes	83	75.5	75.5	75.5
	no	27	24.5	24.5	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey Data, 2024

Table 2: (if yes), how did you come to know about Jal Jeevan Mission?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Village Council Members	71	64.5	64.5	64.5
	Local Newspapers	1	0.9	0.9	65.5
	Online Media	8	7.3	7.3	72.7
	Relatives/Friends	2	1.8	1.8	74.5
	Others(specify)	2	1.8	1.8	76.4
	Irrelevant	26	23.6	23.6	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey Data, 2024

Table 3: (if no) Are you aware of free water pipe connection

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Yes	29	26.4	26.4	26.4
	aware of the scheme name	81	73.6	73.6	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey Data, 2024

75 percent of the respondents have a prior knowledge of the mission scheme which is attributed to the involvement of the village council in disseminating information and its engagement with community members about the scheme as 64.5 percent came to know about the Jal Jeevan Scheme through respective village council members. Only 24.5 percent were unaware or ignorant about the mission scheme name but were aware that water pipeline connections are carried out by the respective village councils.

FUNCTIONAL HOUSEHOLD TAP CONNECTIONS (FHTC): ASSESSMENT OF PWS CONNECTION AND OPERATION FUNCTIONALITY UNDER JJM:

In Nagaland, the PHED is responsible for the implementation of JJM. The PHED is the nodal department for the implementation of drinking water supply schemes for both rural and urban sectors. As per the report of JJM-Reports, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti (GOI), out of the 1,425 total no. of villages in Nagaland, the total number of households villages with Piped Water System (PWS) is 3,38, 756 and with villages having 100 percent FHTC is 1,159 villages and less than 100 percent FHTC is 266 villages. In the Chumoukedima district, out of the 10,030 households 9,618 are connected with household tap connection, and out of the 61 total villages, 54 villages have 100 percent FHTC. In Dimapur district, out of the 36,105 households 31,509 are connected with household tap connection, and out of the 56 total villages, 35 villages have 100 percent FHTC¹⁴.

Of the three villages that were covered for the study, one village under the Chumoukedima district i.e. Unity Village, and two villages under the Dimapur district i.e. Aoyimti and Eralibill Villages. To assess the progress and implementation of the FHTC under the JJM in the three villages the study focuses on whether PWS have been installed in the respondent household, on the availability and supply of water, and the satisfaction of the service provided (see table 4, 5 and 6)

Table 4: Do you have a water pipe connection under Jal Jeevan Scheme?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Yes	73	66.4	66.4	66.4
	No	37	33.6	33.6	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 5: (if yes) Can you tell me how often you get water in your household under Jal Jeevan Mission Scheme?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Regularly	6	5.5	5.5	5.5
	Sometimes	36	32.7	32.7	38.2
	Rarely	18	16.4	16.4	54.5
	Never	28	25.5	25.5	80.0
	No pipe connection	22	20.0	20.0	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 6: How satisfied are you with the quantity of water supply through the water pipeline under Jal Jeevan Scheme?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Very much satisfied	13	11.8	11.8	11.8
	Somewhat satisfied	36	32.7	32.7	44.5
	Not satisfied at all	25	22.7	22.7	67.3
	Somewhat not satisfied	8	7.3	7.3	74.5
	No pipe connection	28	25.5	25.5	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 7: Do you have a water pipe connection under Jal Jeevan Scheme?

		Do you have a water pipe connection under Jal Jeevan Scheme?		Total
		Yes	No	Total
Colony	Unity	30	16	46
	Aoyimti	34	10	44
	Eralibill	9	11	20
Total		73	37	110

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 8: (if yes) Can you tell me how often you get water in your household under Jal Jeevan Mission Scheme?

		(if yes) Can you tell me how often you get water in your household under Jal Jeevan Mission Scheme?
		Regularly	Sometimes	Rarely	Never
Colony	Unity	0	10	8	26
	Aoyimti	5	20	8	2
	Eralibill	1	6	2	0
Total		6	36	18	28

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Based on the survey data, while 66.4 percent have water pipe connections, the regular supply of water of at least 55 Liters per capita per day (LPCD) under JJM operational guidelines has been a concern as only 5.5 percent responded ‘regularly’ they get water in their household. It also led to a consequential effect on the respondent's satisfaction with the service provided as the majority of the respondents were ‘not satisfied’ or ‘somewhat not satisfied’ with the supply of water given to the household. Furthermore, to assess the implementation effectiveness, cross-tabulation of the three villages was analyzed to study the FHTC status and supply of water to the household (see Table 7 and 8).

Comparatively, there is a variation in implementation efficiency, water supply, and service delivered under JJM in the three village study areas as even though PWS has been installed in the household the survey data however suggested that many of the respondents do not get water supply in Unity Village whereas in the other two villages there is a significantly much better in delivery of services but a concerned on the JJM operational guidelines for supply of water Liters per day. As stated by one of the council members, the reason could be due to the limited installation of an Overhead Tank (OHT) for the community and the inability to pump continuous water because of voltage fluctuation in the area ^15.

JJM IMPLEMENTATION, CHALLENGES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

As highlighted in the report of JJM, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti ¹⁶ (see table 9 below) on the Nagaland state PWS and FHTC coverage, the total number of households with household tap connections is 3,38,746 out of which 1,159 villages have 100 percent of FHTC and among the sixteen districts of Nagaland, Kiphire district is the only district having 100 percent coverage of FHTC, and followed by Shamator district 97 percent of FHTC villages covered.

In terms of the national average (80.94 percent) of households with tap water connections, Nagaland's average (93.11 percent) is more than the national average in terms of coverage and installation ¹⁷. The operation of JJM has no doubt brought about recognition of villages and districts for their performances. In 2023 to commemorate Swachhata Hi Seva, six best-performing districts from Nagaland were awarded under JJM, however, villages under Dimapur and Chumoukedima were awarded only under Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin (SBMG) ¹⁸.

Table 9: State Wise PWS and FHTC Coverage (Nagaland)

		JAL JEEVAN MISSION Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation Ministry of Jal Shakti State Wise PWS and FHTC Coverage State: Nagaland, Category: All Districts
S. No.	District	Total no. of Villages	Villages without PWS			Villages with PWS
			No. of Village	No. of households (without Household tap connections)	No. of households (with private connections)	No. of Village	Total No. of households	No. of Households with Household tap Connection	Number of villages having 100% FHTC	Number of villages having < 100% FHTC
Total		1425	0	0	0	1425	363829	338756	1159	266
1	Chumoukedima	61	0	0	0	61	10030	9618	54	7
2	Dimapur	56	0	0	0	56	36105	31509	35	21
3	Kiphire	109	0	0	0	109	14991	14991	109	0
4	Kohima	63	0	0	0	63	29482	26421	29	34
5	Longleng	49	0	0	0	49	11966	11367	38	11
6	Mokokchung	109	0	0	0	109	38044	34301	81	28
7	Mon	139	0	0	0	139	56027	54000	121	18
8	Niuland	106	0	0	0	106	9562	9291	100	6
9	Noklak	50	0	0	0	50	12514	11828	40	10
10	Peren	104	0	0	0	104	19520	17524	71	33
11	Phek	111	0	0	0	111	32558	31137	94	17
12	Shamator	30	0	0	0	30	7582	7431	29	1
13	Tseminyu	42	0	0	0	42	12168	11913	38	4
14	Tuensang	62	0	0	0	62	15266	13745	42	20
15	Wokha	148	0	0	0	148	24925	23280	129	19
16	Zunheboto	186	0	0	0	186	33089	30400	149	37
Total		1425	0	0	0	1425	363829	338756	1159	266 Bottom of Form

Source: https://ejalshakti.gov.in

To assess the impact and importance of JJM for the community, survey questions related to it were asked of the respondents (see Tables 10 and 11).

Table 10: How important do you think Jal Jeevan Mission is to the community?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Very much important	77	70.0	70.0	70.0
	Somewhat important	32	29.1	29.1	99.1
	Don't Know	1	.9	.9	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 11: To what extent has Jal Jeevan Mission benefitted you and your household members till now?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	To a great deal of extent	17	15.5	15.5	15.5
	Somewhat a great deal of extent	32	29.1	29.1	44.5
	Not all a great deal of extent	39	35.5	35.5	80.0
	Somewhat not a great deal of extent	17	15.5	15.5	95.5
	No pipe connection	5	4.5	4.5	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

The data shows that the majority of the respondents have a positive attitude about the JJM and its transformative role and how the mission somewhat helps in the improvement of the situation but not a substantial difference has been made to the beneficiary as the majority responded that the degree of impact is limited. It can be attributed to suggestions (open-ended questions) for improvement that the respondents responded (see Table 12) on the regularity or volume of water being supplied to the households as the majority were not satisfied with the quantity or hours of water supplied. Moreover, the factor also could be the dependency and source of water needs for domestic essential use. As in almost all the sampled respondents, the primary source of water (see Table 13) has been either the well, borewell (with motor) or some having both well and borewell (with motor).

Table 12: Do you have any suggestions for improving Jal Jeevan Mission implementation? Can you kindly mention some areas for improvement?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	No suggestion	23	20.9	20.9	20.9
	Regular supply of water	13	11.8	11.8	32.7
	Proper maintenance, monitoring and implementation	20	18.2	18.2	50.9
	Increase water volume and more hours	12	10.9	10.9	61.8
	Improve on quality of water supply	4	3.6	3.6	65.5
	Need to provide more water pipe connection	10	9.1	9.1	74.5
	More regular water supply and good quality of water	12	10.9	10.9	85.5
	proper information and installation of the scheme	7	6.4	6.4	91.8
	regular supply of water and proper maintenance	9	8.2	8.2	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Table 13: What is the primary source of drinking water in your house?

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Well	49	44.5	44.5	44.5
	Borewell (with motor)	40	36.4	36.4	80.9
	Well and Borewell(both)	21	19.1	19.1	100.0
	Total	110	100.0	100.0

Source: Field Work Survey data, 2024

Although the study did not focus on the water treatment and quality of water supply through FHTC an experimental study conducted by M. Pamei, G. Naresh, D. Dutta, and A. Puzari on the accessibility of safe drinking water in the Dimapur area based on the parameters and guidelines of the Bureau of India Standards and World Health Organisations reveals the extent of groundwater contamination in the region and with continuous testing opined that more contaminated water sources are expected to be identified. The study also suggested that it is, essential to regularly monitor the surface and groundwater to detect any occurrence of other significant contaminants and to recognize any changes or patterns in the water bodies over a period of time ¹⁹. Another suggestion that was mentioned in the NITI Aayog report on Compositive Water Management Index on Nagaland’s CWMI performance stated the areas for improvement on Rural drinking water <50 percent of rural habitations have been fully covered; Only 20 percent of the Urban population is covered with drinking water supply and the state has not installed any capacity to treat its wastewater and the state has not enacted legislation for the conservation of water bodies and is yet to set up an integrated data center²⁰.

Further, it is to be noted that based on the survey suggestions from the respondents and documented sources for improvement in the implementation of the JJM raised concerns on issues such as regular supply of water, increase of water volume and hours, and improvement in quality of water supply and treatment highlight that while infrastructure development is important, without effective water harvesting and conservation may face supply and deliver failure under JJM supply. As commented by the village council secretary on the sources of water supply under JMM, the primary water source for the FHTC has been the borewell sources however it faces challenges such as the unavailability of good groundwater land to dig the borewell, maintenance of water treatment due to iron contains, and not able to continuously use the submersible pump for a long duration^21. To overcome the issues, it is important that JJM implementation in Nagaland needs to create a synergy between the JJM and water harvesting and conservation through the integration of policies, community engagement, infrastructure development, and proper monitoring systems in a cohesive manner and also to achieve the goals and objectives of campaigns such as “Catch the Rain- Where it Falls When it Falls” and “Nari Shakti se Jal Shakti” launched by Ministry of Jal Shakti.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

While this study offers a valuable insight into the implementation of Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) in three villages, i.e., Aoyimti, Eralibill, and Unity Villages, certain limitations must be acknowledged. First, the study was a preliminary work conducted only on three villages, which may restrict the findings for a generalisation with respect to other regions within the two selected districts of Nagaland. Second, since the study was a self-funded work of the researcher, it imposed certain constraints on its scope and execution, such as restricted sample size, geographical coverage of the area study, and duration of field work for data collection. Third, data collection was relied on structured questionnaires and researcher reported responses from the respondents, which may be subject to recall bias. Finally, the study primarily focused on the implementation aspects of the Jal Jeevan Mission related to FHTC and did not integrate a comprehensive scientific or technical evaluation of water quality or hydrological assessments, and the absence of laboratory-based water testing assessment. Despite these limitations, the study highlighted key issues and areas of Jal Jeevan Mission implementation that will serve as an important basis for future research and policy framework.

CONCLUSION:

In the initial stage of implementation, as of August 2019, only 16.91 percent were reported to have tap water connections in Nagaland. So far, as reported in the JJM Dashboard, Nagaland state coverage of households with tap water connections is 93.11 percent, a significant transformation in community access to water. The implementation of JJM has also cemented a close link with the notion of communitisation governance approach launched by the Government of Nagaland under the Nagaland Communitisation of Public Institutions and Services Act, 2002, which involves the transfer of ownership and management of public services to the community.

Nevertheless, the findings of the study highlight that there is a need for region-specific water management strategies in the areas experiencing water scarcity problems and holistic management of excess water in the regions where there is an occurrence of high rainfall for sustainable water management. Efforts to conserve and restore water should be intensified through the role of the government to support the village council and community for water harvesting and conservation in implementing adaptive measures to address the specific needs of each region.

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Received on 13.06.2025 Revised on 19.07.2025

Accepted on 18.08.2025 Published on 07.03.2026

Available online from March 10, 2026

Res. J. of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2026;17(1):15-22.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2026.00003

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